Civil Engineering Notes (Theoritical).

What is an Internship? An internship is a period of work experience offered by an organization for a limited period of time. But you can also apply for an internship in the desired organization. How much is required to attempt?  Currently, experience is becoming a crucial factor for employers when deciding who gets their foot in the door. It’s strongly advised that students and graduates must take the opportunity to complete a period of work experience to ensure they have a competitive advantage over their peers, and that’s where an internship can make all the difference. When and How you can apply for it? What you will learn in internship?

"Recipe for success: Study while others are sleeping; work while others are loafing; prepare while others are playing; and dream while others are wishing.” ~ William A. Ward List of all competitive exams: GATE UPSC PSC PWD PHED

What is Communication? Multiple Definitions: 1. A two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas, and feelings but also create and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people or places. In business, it is a key function of management--an organization cannot operate without communication between levels, departments, and employees. 2. Communication (from Latin commūnicāre, meaning "to share") is the act of conveying meanings from one entity or group to another through the use of mutually understood signs and semiotic rules. 3. Communication is simply the act of, transferring information, from one place to another. Role of Communication Now let's talk about the role of communication, it play's multiple roles at different places according to variations in situation and time.

Table of Contents: Theory of Relativity Geometrical Optics Physical Optics Thermal Physics Acoustics Dynamics of Fluid ------------------------------------- Theory of relativity An inertial frame of reference, Non-inertial frames and fictitious forces, Outline of relativity, Michelson Morley experiment, Lorentz transformation of space and time, Length contraction, Variation of mass with velocity, An equivalent of mass and energy. Geometrical optics Combination of thin lenses, Cardinal points of the coaxial system of thin lenses, Thick lenses, Location and properties of cardinal points, Graphical construction of images. Physical optics Kinetic theory of gasses, Maxwellian distribution, Mean free path, transport phenomenon in gases. Imperfect gases and Vander Waal's equation of state. Thermal Physics Kinetic theory of gasses, Maxwellian distribution, Mean free path, transport phenomenon in gases. Imperfect gases and Vander W

Table of Contents: Atoms and Molecules Reaction dynamics Electrochemistry Transition Metal Chemistry Organometallic Chemistry Structure and Reactivity of Organic Molecules Polymerization Photochemistry Atoms and Molecules Particle in a box illustrating energy quantization, Angular momentum quantization, (extended) Radial and angular parts of H atom, Wave functions/orbitals, Probability and charge distribution. Many electron atoms, Homonuclear , and heteronuclear diatomic, Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and electronegativity concepts, Hybridization and shapes of molecules. Non- covalent interaction(Van Der Waal and hydrogen bonding.) Reaction Dynamics Rate Laws, Mechanics and theories of reaction rates(Collision and transition state theory) Lasers in chemistry. Electrochemistry Application of electrode potentials to predict redox reactions in solution with special reference to the Lattimer and Frost diag

Minimum required knowledge of English: A student must be able to : Write reasonably and grammatically.  Understand at least 2500 general purpose word of English.  Use general purpose word to express himself in writing and 1500 words to talk about day to day life.  Speak reasonably cleary (if not fluently) on routine matters with his fellow students or friends. Table of Contents: Communication Professional writing  Graphics Phonetics and Phonology Report Writing Discussion Skills Presentation Skills Study skills Communication Introduction,  Role of Communication ( link2 )  An objective of Communication The process of Communication Element of Communication  Essentials of Communication  Flow of Communication  Barriers/Factors inhibiting,  Verbal/Non-Verbal  Kinetics/Body Languages  Style in Technical communication  Communication skills- Reading, writing, Speaking, Listening, and Talking Professional writing  Business Letters/ Official letters

Building Materials Bricks Stone Lime, timber, plywood, glass, plastics, steel. Alumlnium: classification, properties and selection criteria. Cement, aggregate, admixtures: types properties, selection criteria, and tests. Preparation and properties of concrete, Concrete mix design. Building Construction Building Byelaws, Modular coordination. Loads on building, types of foundation and selection criteria. Brick masonry, Stone masonry, Bonds. Types of Walls, partition and cavity walls, design criteria, prefabricated construction. Treatment for waterproofing.  Doors and windows: size and location, materials. Stair and staircases :types material, proportions.     Sample Questions

Minerals   Physical properties and detailed study of certain rock-forming minerals.  Rocks Thier Origin, structure, texture and,  Classification of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic and metamorphic rocks and their suitability as engineering materials,  Building stones,  Engineering properties of rooks.  Stratification, lamination bedding, and dip strike of bed, overlap.  Rock deformation Folds,  Faults,  joints unconformity and their classification,  causes, and relation to engineering behavior of rock masses.  Earthquake, its causes, classification, seismic zones of India and geological consideration for construction of a building. Landslides, its' causes, classification and preventive measures. Underground water, Origin, Aquifier, Acqicludes, Artesian wells, Underground provinces of India and it's roles as geological Hazzard. Geological investigation for site selection of Dams and Reservoirs, tunnels, Bridge, and highways. Principle

Use of basic, C and FORTRAN in Computer Graphics Screen, A world and Normalised Coordinates. Generation of Points. Line and two-dimensional geometric figures. Scaling, rotation and translations and their representation in ti of matrix operations. Clipping, windowing, and shading. Introduction to Graphics packages in Basic, C FORTRAN 2D Transformation 3D Computer Graphics 3D Transformation Computer graphics   (ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA) Computer  graphics

Just tap on Topics to read. Introduction Modes of Transportation, their importance and limitations , Importance of Highway transportation. Highway Planning The principle of Highway Planning, Road development and Financing, The privatization of Highways, Highway Alignment- Requirments. Engineering surveys for Highway location. Geometric Design Cross section elements, Width, camber, Design speed, Sight distances, Requirement and design, Horizontal and vertical alignments. Highway Materials Properties of subgrade and pavements component materials, Material characterization, Tests on Subgrade soil, Aggregates and bituminous materials, Bituminous mix design. Pavement Design and Construction The principle of Highway Planning, their importance and limitations, Importance of Highway transportation, Highway Drainage A principle of Highway Planning, their importance and limitations, Importance of Highway transportation, T

Measurement of Distances: A principle of different methods and their accuracies Measurement by chain and tape Measuring Distances Convert length and distance  units Explore it, Measurement of Angles and Directions: Reference meridians,  Bearing and azimuthal declination and its variations. Use and adjustment of a compass,  Vimier and micro-optic  theodolites.  Temporary and permanent adjustment. Requirements of non-adjustable parts, measurement of horizontal and vertical angles by different angles. Traversing: Principles of traversing by compass and theodolite, Field Work and checks,  Computation of coordinates.  Sources of errors.  Measurement of Elevations: Different methods of determining elevation: Spirit, Trigonometric, Barometric and photogrammetric method, spirit leveling.  Definitions of terms. A principle, Construction, Temporary and permanent adjustment of levels.  The sensitivity of the bubble tube. Automatic levels. Levelin

History of materials:  Source of engineering materials;  Categorization of engineering materials;  Material properties and their application just to make an illustrative point;  Periodic approach to engineering materials. -------*------- Atomic bonding vis-a-vis properties of materials:  Crystal structure and noncrystalline structure;  Miller indices.  -------*------- X-ray diffraction, Defects, and their origin,  Frenkel and Schottky defects;  Order-Disorder transformations, an association of defects, non- stoichiometric solids; The role of defects in defining electronic properties of materials - Si, GaAs, Dislocation. -------*------ Diffusion in solids,  Atom mobilities,  Temperature and impurity dependence of diffusion,  Various diffusion process. Switch to WordPress #tags #properties of materials, 

Numerical analysis Approximation and round of errors,  Truncation errors and Taylor series,  Determination of roots of polynomials and transcendental equations by Newton- Rap son,   Secant and Bairstow's methods,   Solutions of linear simultaneous linear algebraic equations by Gauss Elimination and Gauss-Siedel iteration methods,  Carve fitting - linear and nonlinear regression analysis,  Backward-Forward and Central difference relation and there uses in Numerical differentiation and integration,  Application of different relations in the solution of partial differential equations,  Numerical solution of ordinary differential by Euler Modified Euler Runge- Kutta and Predictor-Corrector method. Computer Programming Introduction to C and C++ language. Arithmetic Expressions Concepts of Variables Statements, a function call from the library, C datatypes, (int, char, float, void, double), C primitive input output using getchar and putchar if and else st

Table of Contents: Vector analysis Electromagnetism Thermoelectricity Modern Physics Solid State Devices Vector analysis Scaler and vector fields,  A gradient of a scalar field,  Divergence and curl of vector fields,  The line integral of a vector field,  Gauss Divergence theorem,  Stoke's theorem. Electromagnetism Quantization & conservation of charge,  Coulomb's law(vectorial form) and superposition principle,  The concept of electric field lines,  the flux of E- field,  Gauss's Law,  Electric potential energy and potential.  Conductors, capacitors and dielectric materials, Magnetic field, Force on a moving charge in a Magnetic field, force in current element, Torque on a current loop, Biot- Savart law. Thermoelectricity Seebeck effect,  The law of successive temperatures,  The law of intermediate metals,  Peltier effect,  Thomson effect,  Thermoelectric power, application of thermodynamics on the thermocouple. Modern Phys

Table of Contents Genral Ecology Air Pollution and control Water Pollution and Control Land Pollution  Noise Pollution General Introsuction, components of environment,  envoirenment degredation. Ecology Elements of ecology, Ecological balance and consequences of change,  principles of environmental impacts assesments. Air pollution and control Atmospheric composition,  energy balance, climate,  weather, dispersion, sources, and effects of pollutants, primary and secondary pollutants, greenhouse effects,  depletion of ozone layer.  standards and control measures. Water pollution and control Hydrosphere,  natural water,  pollutants their origin and effects,  river/lake/groundwater pollution standards and control. Land Pollution Lithosphere, Pollutants(Municipal, industrial, commercial, agricultural, hazardous solid wastes): their origin and effects, Collection and disposal of solid waste, recovery and convention methods.

Introduction Computer devices: keyboard, mouse, printers, disk, files, floppies, etc.  The concept of computing, contemporary OSs such as DOS, Windows 95, MAC- OS, UNIX, etc. E-Mail, FTP, login and other network services, world wide web. Introduction to Programming on development

General Terms - Sewage, domestic sewage, sewage treatment, disposal, scope,  Role of an environmental engineer,  Historical overview. Sewage Characteristics Quality parameters: BOD, COD, TOC, Solids, DO, Nitrogen, Phosphorus,  Standards of disposal into natural watercourses and on land,  Indian Standards. Collection of sewage Systems of sewerage: separate, combined, and partially separate,  components of sewerage systems, systems of layout,  A quantity of sanitary sewage and variations,  the quantity of stoffil water,  Rational method, shapes of sewer, circular and egg-shaped,  A Hydraulic design of sewers: diameter,  Self-cleansing velocity and slopes,  Construction and testing of sewer lines,  Sewer materials,  Joints and appurtenances,  Sewage pumping and pumping stations. Sewage Treatment Various units: their purposes sequences and efficiencies,  Primary treatment: screening and grit removal units, oil and grease r

Geo-Tech Engineering - I

Table of contents: History of Indian Railways, Permanent way Components parts Geometric Design Points and Crossing Signaling and Interlocking Air Transport Development Runway and Taxiway Design Visual Aids and Air Traffic Control Harbors Docks I. History of Indian Railways, Component parts of railway track, The problem of multigauge  system wheel and axle arrangement, Coning of wheels, various resistance, and their evaluation, Hauling capacity and tractive effort, Stresses in rail, sleepers, ballast, and formation.  II. Permanent way Components parts Component parts of railway track, The problem of multigauge  system wheel and axle arrangement, Coning of wheels, various resistance, and their evaluation, Hauling capacity and tractive effort, Stresses in rail, sleepers, ballast, and formation.  III. Geometric Design Alignment, horizontal curves, superelevation, equilibrium cant and cant deficiency, Length of curves, Gradients and grade co

Table of contents: Introduction Network Techniques Construction equipments Equipment Management Contract management Introduction  Objectives and functions of project management. Finance and cost accounting, Quality con method of motivation and incentives,  The importance of safety and safety measures. Network techniques  Introduction to CPM/PERT methods and their use in construction planning,  preparation construction schedule for jobs,  materials, equipment, labor, and funds, and project monitoring. Construction equipment  Different types of construction equipment viz,  earth moving equipment,  dewatering and pumping equipment,  Grouting equipment,  pile driving equipment and other construction equipment such as a conveyor,  crane, concrete mixers, vibrators, road construction machine compactor etc.  Factors affecting the selection of construction equipment. Equipment management  Productivity,  operational cost,  owning and hi

General Environment and its component, Importance of water. Role of an Environmental Engineer Water Demand Design flows, design periods, design population, Factors affecting water consumption, variations of water demand, design capacities for various water supply components Sources of water and Collection works Alternative sources i.e rain, surface and groundwater, Assessment of yield and development of the sources. Quality of water The hydrological cycle and water quality, Chemical and biological water quality parameters, Water quality requirements, Indian standards. Transmission of water Hydraulics of conduits, Section of pipe materials, Pipe material and joints, pumps, pump sections. Treatment of water Historical overview of water treatment, water treatment process, Water treatment process(theory and application): Aeration, solids separation, settling operations, coagulation, softening, filtration, disunification,  Othe

Introduction Introduction to geotechnical engineering, Unique nature of the soil, Soil formation, and soil types. Simple soil properties Basic definition, phase relations,  Index properties of soil - soil grain and soil aggregate properties of coarse-grained and fine-grained soils Soil classification Indian standard soil classification system Compaction behavior Clay minerals and soil structure: Compaction - Theory of Compaction; Laboratory compaction tests; Different methods of compaction control A principle of Effective Stress and Related phenomena The principle of effective stress; Capillarity; Seepage force and Quicksand condition; Total Pressure and Elevation heads Permeability One dimensional flow; A permeability of soils- Darcy's law; Laboratory methods of determination; Permeability as a function of soil type Permeant, void ratio soil fabric, and effective stress; Pumping out the test for field determ