Civil Engineering Notes (Theoritical).

Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction and their Uses. :- Types of bonds in brick masonry wall construction are classified based on laying and bonding style of bricks in walls. The bonds in brick masonry is developed by the mortar filling between layers of bricks and in grooves when bricks are laid adjacent to each other and in layers in walls. Mostly used material for bonds in brick masonry is cement mortar. Lime mortar and mud mortar are also used. Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction : The most commonly used types of bonds in brick masonry are: Stretcher bond Header bond English bond and Flemish bond Other Types of bonds are: Facing bond Dutch bond English cross bond Brick on edge bond Raking bond Zigzag bond Garden wall bond 1. Stretcher bond Longer narrow face of the brick is called as stretcher as shown in the elevation of figure below. Stretcher bond, also called as running bond, is created when bricks are laid wit...

SIZE AND WEIGHT OF B RICKS  The bricks are prepared in various sizes. The custom in the locality is the governing factor for the size of a brick. Such bricks which are not standardized  are known as the traditional bricks. If bricks are large, it is difficult to burn them properly and they become too heavy to be placed with a single hand. On the other hand, if bricks are small, more quantity of morter is required. Hence the BIS has recommended the bricks of uniform size. Such bricks are known as the modular bricks and the actual size of modular bricks is 190mm*90mm*90mm. with morter thickness, size of such of brick becomes 200mm*100mm*100mm and it is known as nominal size of bricks includes the mortar thickness.      it is found that weight of 1m^3 of bricks earth is about 1800kg. Hence the average weight of a brick will be about 3to 3.50kg. 

Types of Foundation and their Uses. Following are different types of foundations used in construction: Shallow foundation Individual footing or isolated footing Combined footing Strip foundation Raft or mat foundation Deep Foundation Pile foundation Drilled Shafts or caissons *Types of Shallow Foundations Individual Footing or Isolated Footing Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation used for building construction. This foundation is constructed for single column and also called as pad foundation. The shape of the individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads from the structure are carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on the column and safe bearing capacity of the soil. The rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences moments due to the eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces. For example, Consider a column with a vertical load of 200...

Definition: Curves are provided whenever a road changes its direction from right to  S (vice versa) or changes its alignment from up to down (vice versa). Curves are critical! an element in the pavement design. They are provided  with a maximum speed limit that should lie followed very strictly. Following the speed limit becomes essential as the exceed in speed may lead to the cchances of the vehicle becoming out of control while negotiating a turn and thus increase  the odds of fatal accidents. Also, it is very necessary that appropriate safety measures be adopted at all horizontal and vertical curves to make the infrastructure road user-friendly and decrease the risks of hazardous circumstances. The low cost safety measures that can be adopted at curves included chevron signs, delineators, pavement markings, flexible posts, fluorescent strips, road safety barriers, rumble strips etc. Types of Curves There are two types of curves provided ...

Surveying principle and method in civil engineering. Definition:     Surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale. Measurements are taken in the horizontal plane only. Surveying is the art of determining the relative positions of points on, above or beneath the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurements of distance, direction and elevation. Leveling is a branch of surveying the object of which is to find the elevations of points with respect to a given or assumed datum and to establish points at a given elevation or at different elevations with respect to a given or assumed datum. Survey is performed to prepare a map of relative positions on surface of the earth. It shows the natural feature of a country such as towns, villages, roads, railways, etc. They may also include details...