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Environment and Ecology

Table of Contents Genral Ecology Air Pollution and control Water Pollution and Control Land Pollution  Noise Pollution General Introsuction, components of environment,  envoirenment degredation. Ecology Elements of ecology, Ecological balance and consequences of change,  principles of environmental impacts assesments. Air pollution and control Atmospheric composition,  energy balance, climate,  weather, dispersion, sources, and effects of pollutants, primary and secondary pollutants, greenhouse effects,  depletion of ozone layer.  standards and control measures. Water pollution and control Hydrosphere,  natural water,  pollutants their origin and effects,  river/lake/groundwater pollution standards and control. Land Pollution Lithosphere, Pollutants(Municipal, industrial, commercial, agricultural, hazardous solid wastes): their origin and effects, Collection and disposal of solid waste, recovery and convention methods.
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Types of Foundation and their Uses.

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Types of Foundation and their Uses. Following are different types of foundations used in construction: Shallow foundation Individual footing or isolated footing Combined footing Strip foundation Raft or mat foundation Deep Foundation Pile foundation Drilled Shafts or caissons *Types of Shallow Foundations Individual Footing or Isolated Footing Individual footing or an isolated footing is the most common type of foundation used for building construction. This foundation is constructed for single column and also called as pad foundation. The shape of the individual footing is square or rectangle and is used when loads from the structure are carried by the columns. Size is calculated based on the load on the column and safe bearing capacity of the soil. The rectangular isolated footing is selected when the foundation experiences moments due to the eccentricity of loads or due to horizontal forces. For example, Consider a column with a vertical load of 200
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Engineering Chemistry

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Table of Contents: Atoms and Molecules Reaction dynamics Electrochemistry Transition Metal Chemistry Organometallic Chemistry Structure and Reactivity of Organic Molecules Polymerization Photochemistry Atoms and Molecules Particle in a box illustrating energy quantization, Angular momentum quantization, (extended) Radial and angular parts of H atom, Wave functions/orbitals, Probability and charge distribution. Many electron atoms, Homonuclear , and heteronuclear diatomic, Covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and electronegativity concepts, Hybridization and shapes of molecules. Non- covalent interaction(Van Der Waal and hydrogen bonding.) Reaction Dynamics Rate Laws, Mechanics and theories of reaction rates(Collision and transition state theory) Lasers in chemistry. Electrochemistry Application of electrode potentials to predict redox reactions in solution with special reference to the Lattimer and Frost diag
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